紫胶蚧与寄主植物氨基酸含量关系初步研究

采用主分量分析、聚类分析等方法研究7种寄主植物氨基酸含量与紫胶蚧关系,结果显示：(1)不同寄主植物和是否被寄生的枝条之间,氨基酸含量存在差异。(2)当寄主植物枝条与久树1年生枝条氨基酸含量相近时,能产生较厚的胶被;偏离久树1年生枝条氨基酸含量越远,紫胶蚧在该寄主植物上的死亡率、怀卵量越高。(3)紫胶蚧寄生后久树枝条中氨基酸总量减少了35％左右,天门冬氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、苷氨酸、丙氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸的含量也都存在不同程度减少,但久树枝条中蛋氨酸、组氨酸、赖氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸含量比未放虫枝条中高。其他寄主植物放虫枝条中也有不同种类的氨基酸含量比未放虫枝条中升高或降低的现象。     

花色多态植物紫薇花部综合特征与繁育系统

[目的]紫薇具有红色、紫色和白色等显著不同的花色以及形态、大小和颜色明显不同的2种雄蕊,使其成为花色多态型和异型雄蕊研究的良好材料.对紫薇花部综合特征和繁育系统进行系统研究,探究紫薇不同花色植株的繁殖策略以及2种雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用.[方法]通过野外定点观测,采用传粉昆虫调查、人工授粉以及人工控制套袋试验等方法对紫薇3种花色植株的花部形态特征、开花进程、传粉式样以及花朵的功能形态特征进行检测.[结果]1)3种花色植株的花期和单花开放进程基本相同(单花花期为4～5天).2)3种花色植株的花在形态特征上存在差异.3)3种花色植株的短雄蕊数表现为白色花植株＞紫色花植株＞红色花植株,花色间存在显著差异(P＜0.05);红色花植株的单花花粉量和P/O值显著低于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.05).4)3种花色植株的花粉活性和柱头可授性动态变化趋势相似;花粉寿命与柱头可授期有部分重叠,长雄蕊花粉活性最高时期早于柱头最佳可授期,短雄蕊的与柱头最佳可授期同步;白色和紫色花植株的柱头最佳可授期比红色花植株的长(约2h).5)2种雄蕊在形态、颜色、花粉量、人工控制试验条件下的结实率和结籽数以及传粉昆虫访花行为等方面都存在显著差异,说明2种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在功能分化,即黄色短雄蕊主要起招引昆虫作用,暗黄色长雄蕊主要起传粉作用;但2种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分以及人工控制授粉后的结实率等方面均无显著差异,表明二者在生理上尚未分化;去除雄蕊试验表明,雄蕊的排列方式是影响2种雄蕊功能分化程度的重要因素.6)P/O值、套袋试验以及传粉昆虫观察结果表明,紫薇不存在无融合生殖、主动自交和自交不亲和现象,其交配方式是以异交为主、自交亲和的兼性异交繁育系统.7)传粉昆虫对红色花植株有明显偏好,访问该花色植株的频率显著高于其他2种花色植株(P＜0.01);人工授粉后,白色和紫色花植株的结实率显著提高.[结论]在自然条件下,紫薇的白色和紫色花植株存在一定的花粉限制.此时,增加对雄性功能的投入、延长柱头最佳可授期是其维持繁殖成效的适应策略;在传粉过程中,2种雄蕊既有分工,又有协作.2种雄蕊花药开裂时间不同步,花粉活力维持时间也不同,花粉的这种装配机制是紫薇提高花粉输出效率的繁殖策略.     

Effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and carboxylesterase activity in Bemisia tabaci biotype B and greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), have become serious pests of cotton and vegetable crops in China since the early 1990s. In recent years, however, B. tabaci have broken out more frequently and widely than have T. vaporariorum. The B. tabaci biotype B has also developed higher resistance to several insecticides. Here, the effects of four different host plants on the insecticide susceptibility of B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum have been compared. The LC(50) values of imidacloprid, abamectin, deltamethrin and omethoate in T. vaporariorum reared on cucumber were significantly higher than those in B. tabaci (the LC(50) values in T. vaporariorum were respectively 3.13, 2.63, 2.78 and 6.67 times higher than those in B. tabaci). On the other hand, the B. tabaci population reared on cotton was more tolerant to all four insecticides tested than the T. vaporariorum population from the same host, especially to abamectin (up to 8.4-fold). The effects of the four host plants on the activity of carboxylesterase (CarE) in B. tabaci biotype B and T. vaporariorum were also compared. The results showed that, although the CarE activity of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum varied depending on the host plants, the B. tabaci population possessed significantly higher CarE activity than the T. vaporariorum population reared on the same host plant. This was especially so on cucumber and cotton, where the CarE activities of the B. tabaci population were over 1.6 times higher than those of T. varporariorum. The frequency profiles for this activity in B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum populations reared on same host plant were apparently different.     

中国水稻主产区白叶枯病菌致病型分析及近等基因系鉴别寄主的构建

【目的】分析中国不同稻区白叶枯病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae）致病型,建立近等基因系鉴别寄主,为白叶枯病菌群体结构田间实时准确监测、抗性品种应用以及抗病育种提供科学依据。【方法】利用中国鉴别寄主、IR24以及15个抗白叶枯病近等基因系等共21个鉴别寄主,采用人工剪叶接种方法,对2018—2021年采自广东、广西、海南、浙江、湖南、辽宁、云南共7个省（自治区）的954个单菌落分离菌株进行致病型测定,探明白叶枯病菌致病型种类、分布及毒性分化;基于测试菌株与15个近等基因系及IR24的抗感互作,应用主成分因子分析法,开展近等基因系与病菌互作的变量因子分析,构建白叶枯病菌致病型近等基因系鉴别寄主;基于抗病基因与测试菌株的抗感反应,分析抗病基因聚合效应。【结果】954个测试菌株在中国鉴别寄主上鉴定出11个致病型,包括SRRRR（I）、SSRRR（Ⅱ）、SSSRR（Ⅲ）、SSSSR（Ⅳ）、SSRRS（V）、SRSRR（Ⅵ）、SSSSS（Ⅸ）、SSSRS（新型1）、SRSRS（新型2）、SRSSS（新型3）以及SSRSS（新型4）,占测试菌株的比率分别为11.53％、4.82％、7.34％、6.18％、7.23％、1.05%、59.96％、1.57%、0.10%、0.10%、0.10%。Ⅸ型菌作为致病性最广的强毒菌系已上升为华南和长江中下游湖南和浙江稻区的优势致病型,西南稻区的云南以Ⅳ型菌为主,东北稻区的辽宁以I型菌为主。15个水稻抗白叶枯病近等基因系对954个菌株的抗感性分析结果表明,测试的15个近等基因系可分为5种类型,第Ⅰ类为高感基因系,包括IRBB1、IRBB2、IRBB10、IRBB11、IRBB4;第Ⅱ类为中感基因系,包括IRBB3、IRBB203、IRBB14;第Ⅲ类为中抗基因系,包括IRBB8、IRBB13;第Ⅳ类为抗病基因系,有IRBB21;第Ⅴ类为高抗基因系,包括IRBB5、IRBB7、CBB23、GDBB23;测试菌株中,出现可侵染抗病基因xa5的有42个、Xa7的有34个、Xa23的有31个。对以白叶枯病近等基因系为主的16个品种（系）与954个菌株组成的抗感互作变量数据矩阵进行因子分析,以解释总变量>85.0%为界,提取出8个主成分因子,组建了以近等基因系为主的10个品种(系)组成白叶枯病菌近等基因系鉴别寄主,按其对变量方差贡献大小,这些寄主分别为IRBB10（Xa10）、IRBB4（Xa4）、GDBB23（Xa23）、IRBB5（xa5）、IRBB7（Xa7）、IRBB21（Xa21）、IR24（Xa18）、IRBB13（xa13）、IRBB3（Xa3）、金刚30;新鉴别寄主可将954个测试菌株划分为55个致病型,对测试稻区的白叶枯病菌菌株表现出较好的鉴别力。基因聚合联合抗性分析表明,不同抗病基因聚合对病菌的抗性频率有一定的提升,不同抗病基因对测试菌株的抗性具有一定的互补性。【结论】监测稻区的白叶枯病菌系趋向多样化,毒性分化明显,强毒菌系Ⅸ型菌在部分稻区已上升为优势致病型,侵染xa5、Xa7及Xa23等广谱抗性基因的菌株有上升趋势;抗病基因聚合可拓宽品种对病原菌系的抗性谱,是培育广谱抗性品种的有效途径;近等基因系鉴别寄主的建立与应用可为白叶枯病发生流行的精准监测以及田间实时预警提供技术支撑。     

中链脂肪酸抗菌和诱导防御肽表达的功能及其在仔猪饲料中的应用

近年,越来越多的研究表明,中链脂肪酸（MCFAs）抵抗病原菌是哺乳动物先天防御系统的重要组成部分,而且MCFAs也能够诱导人、猪和鸡内源性防御肽的表达,MCFAs的这些新功能尚未引起重视。MCFAs还和饲用有机酸或饲用植物精油具有协同抗菌增效作用,可以减少这些活性物质的使用量。相比于长链脂肪酸,日粮中添加MCFAs能显著地提高动物机体内氧气消耗量和线粒体呼吸速率,但产生活性氧自由基少,特别适合幼龄动物肠代谢和肝代谢所需的快速能量供应特点。日粮添加低浓度MCFAs（0.1%—0.5%,质量比）能显著提高新生或断奶仔猪存活率、粗蛋白粗脂肪消化率、饲料转化率,调节肠道菌群和改善肠上皮结构,进而促进生长。基于MCFAs的上述功能,将MCFAs与饲用有机酸或植物精油复配制备成微囊颗粒,可能是其用于仔猪抗生素替代品的尚佳方式。     

子女性别对农民工外地务工决策的影响——基于中国劳动力动态调查数据的经验分析

农村改革使劳动力流动的障碍得以消除,农村劳动力不断向城市流动。外地务工反映了农民工务工地决策中的地点选择,对其研究有助于在微观层面了解农民工流动的倾向及其内在原因。利用2014年和2016年中国劳动力动态调查数据,运用最小二乘法和工具变量回归方法,分析子女性别差异对农民工外地务工的影响。结果表明,外地务工的农民工收入相对更高,同时家中拥有儿子的农民工更可能选择外地务工。第一胎为男孩将显著提高农民工外地务工的概率,从子女所处成长阶段看,当子女处于婴幼儿和接受义务教育阶段时,子女性别对农民工外地务工影响较小;而当子女处于婚配阶段时,生养儿子将显著提高农民工外地务工的可能性;当子女家庭趋于稳定之后,子女性别的影响不再显著。研究表明,男孩偏好观念对子女性别的影响具有协同作用;当子女处于婚配阶段时,助儿购/建房是农民工外地务工的原因之一。因此,提出营造男女平等的社会环境;积极落实与二胎政策相关的配套政策;进一步推进城乡一体化发展等建议。     

Tomato mottle mosaic virus: Characterization,resistance gene effectiveness,and quintuplex RT-PCR detection system

Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), an economically important species of the genus Tobamovirus, causes significant loss in yield and quality of tomato fruits. Here, we identified the Shandong isolate of ToMMV (ToMMV-SD) collected from symptomatic tomato fruits in Weifang, Shandong Province of China. ToMMV-SD caused symptoms such as severe mosaic, mottling, and necrosis of tomato leaves, yellow spot and necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. The obtained full genome of ToMMV-SD was 6 399 nucleotides (accession number MW373515) and had the highest identity of 99.5% with that of isolate SC13-051 from the United States of America at the genomic level. The infectious clone of ToMMV-SD was constructed and induced clear mosaic and necrotic symptoms onto Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Several commercial tomato cultivars, harboring Tm-2² resistance gene, and pepper cultivars, containing L resistance gene, were susceptible to ToMMV-SD. Plants of Solanum melongena (eggplant) and Brassica pekinensis (napa cabbage) showed mottling symptoms, while N. tabacum cv. Zhongyan 100 displayed latent infection. ToMMV-SD did not infect plants of N. tabacum cv. Xanthi NN, Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (bok choy), Raphanus sativus (radish), Vigna unguiculata cv. Yuanzhong 28-2 (cowpea), or Tm-2² transgenic N. benthamiana. A quintuplex RT-PCR system differentiated ToMMV from tomato mosaic virus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus, with the threshold amount of 0.02 pg. These results highlight the threat posed by ToMMV to tomato and pepper cultivation and offer an efficient detection system for the simultaneous detection of four tobamoviruses and tomato spotted wilt virus infecting tomato plants in the field.     

Feed discrimination and selection in self-fed European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate feed discrimination and preference of European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax L., taking into account the effects of feed location, previous feeding experience and light conditions. Fish (63 g) were held in tanks and exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod and ambient temperature. The following feeding practices were applied in triplicate: three‐choice feeding (self‐ feeding with feeds formulated for carnivorous, herbivorous and omnivorous fish rotated on a weekly basis) and monofeeding (self‐feeding with one of these feeds). After 9 weeks (phase I), fish previously held in monofeeding, were subjected to three‐choice feeding for 2 weeks (phase II). In phase I, fish discriminated between feeds after their rotational displacements and preferred the feed formulated for carnivorous species. This also supported the best growth. Fish used in phase II preferred the same feed. There was no preference for any location within tanks. Feeding was generally diurnal, although in some tests with the feeds for herbivores and omnivores, diurnal and nocturnal feed demands were similar and fewer in number than with the feed formulated for carnivores.